 There are no official or unofficial data on the number of victims of torture or severely traumatised persons with signs of drug dependence in any of the 14 Member States covered by FRA’s research. The development of mental health conditions and drug use is not only related to traumatic experiences asylum seekers had in their country of origin, but also depends on their situation after arrival. 136 The Ministry of Health in Germany refers to reports noting that drug dependence is often developed after some time in the country. Use of addictive substances, aggression and suicidal tendencies are typical symptoms of the attempt to cope with a feeling of hopelessness. 137 Civil society organisations in Austria and in the Netherlands note that the uncertainty concerning the outcome of the asylum procedure and/or family reunification, the waiting times, and concerns about family members left behind cause further stress. 138 Professionals in the Netherlands further suggest that factors within the general population of asylum seekers, such as group pressure, poverty and isolation, also influence drug use by asylum seekers. Trauma can be an aspect that influences drug use, but this differs from person to person, and in some cases those with trauma-related issues can be more resistant to the ‘temptations’ of drug use. 139 In France, some partial information exists for specific care centres or regions, but is only available to doctors. 129 Statistics on drug use based on nationality are available in Poland.130 In Slovakia, the Border and Alien Police has data on foreigners in detention centres and drug use; numbers remain low (five persons with drug addictions in 2014, 26 in 2015 and 13 in 2016). The trend is different in other EU Member States. In Denmark, the Men’s Home (Mændenes Hjem) – an organisation that provides drop-incentres and shelters for homeless people and people who use drugs in Copenhagen – observed an increase in the number of foreigners and asylum seekers among drug users. A rough estimate – without data being systematically collected – suggests that the numbers doubled in 2016 in comparison with previous periods; however, the estimated numbers are relatively low. 131 Similarly, in Germany, the Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt) reports that the number of drug consumption instances (including cannabis) with involvement of immigrants increased from approximately 5,000 cases in 2014 to some 8,000 cases in 2015. However, it is not known how many of these offences related to asylum applicants or refugees. 132 A number of foreigners in Bulgaria already suffered from dependencies upon arrival. Young Afghans already used hashish in their own country and drug dealers have been noticed around reception centres since 2013, aiming to exploit their drug problem, often offering low quality drugs. 140 Demographics Among asylum seekers, drug dependence predominantly affects young men under 30 years of age, and to a lesser extent women. 141 In Greece, it also affects unaccompanied boys. 142 In 2016, three cases of illicit drug dependence were identified in Bulgaria133 and a number of cases were identified in Hungary, which variously relate to asylum applicants/migrants. 134 If the drug at issue is listed as an illegal substance under Hungarian law, the affected person is reported to the police. 135 There are no aggregated national data that would allow identifying clearly the country of origin of asylum applicants or migrants in an irregular situation who are using drugs. However, social or medical staff have observed certain trends: Afghan men under 20 years of age have been the most common group with drug dependence problems in Bulgaria. 143 In France, doctors working in care centres specialised in the treatment of Causes of substance dependence and use In all of the above cases, it cannot be determined whether, or to what extent, the reported dependencies or use were linked to previous trauma or torture. 15